Factors associated with older adults' cognitive decline 6 months after gamma-variant SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Background: Cognitive deficits are commonly reported after COVID-19 recovery, but little is known in the older population. This study aims to investigate possible cognitive damage in older adults 6 months after contracting COVID-19, as well as individual risk factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 70 participants aged 60-78 with COVID-19 6 months prior and 153 healthy controls. Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic (MoCA-B) screened for cognitive impairment; Geriatric Depression Scale and Geriatric Anxiety Inventory screened for depression and anxiety. Data were collected on demographics and self-reports of comorbid conditions. Results: The mean age of participants was 66.97 ± 4.64 years. A higher proportion of individuals in the COVID group complained about cognitive deficits (χ2 = 3.574; p = 0.029) and presented with deficient MoCA-B scores (χ2 = 6.098, p = 0.014) compared to controls. After controlling for multiple variables, all the following factors resulted in greater odds of a deficient MoCA-B: COVID-19 6-months prior (OR, 2.44; p = 0.018), age (OR, 1.15; p < 0.001), lower income (OR, 0.36; p = 0.070), and overweight (OR, 2.83; p = 0.013). Further analysis pointed to individual characteristics in COVID-19-affected patients that could explain the severity of the cognitive decline: age (p = 0.015), lower income (p < 0.001), anxiety (p = 0.049), ageusia (p = 0.054), overweight (p < 0.001), and absence of cognitively stimulating activities (p = 0.062). Conclusion: Our study highlights a profile of cognitive risk aggravation over aging after COVID-19 infection, which is likely mitigated by wealth but worsened in the presence of overweight. Ageusia at the time of acute COVID-19, anxiety, being overweight, and absence of routine intellectual activities are risk factors for more prominent cognitive decline among those infected by COVID-19.

The context of COVID-19 affected the long-term sleep quality of older adults more than SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Introduction: Sleep problems are one of the most persistent symptoms of post-COVID syndrome in adults. However, most recent research on sleep quality has relied on the impact of the pandemic, with scarcely any data for older adults on the long-term consequences of COVID infection. This study aims to understand whether older individuals present persistently impaired sleep quality after COVID-19 infection and possible moderators for this outcome. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis of a longitudinal cohort study with 70 elders with 6-month-previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and 153 controls. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess sleep quality; Geriatric Depression Scale and Geriatric Anxiety Inventory for screening depression and anxiety. Demographics and comorbid conditions were collected. Results: The mean age of participants was 66,97 ± 4,64 years. There were no statistical differences in depression and anxiety between groups. Poor sleep quality was found in 52,9% and 43,8% of the COVID and control groups (p=.208). After controlling for multiple variables, all the following factors resulted in greater chances of poor sleep quality: female gender (OR, 2.12; p=.027), memory complaints (OR, 2.49; p=.074), insomnia (OR, 3.66; p=.032), anxiety (OR, 5.46; p<.001), depression (OR, 7.26; p=.001), joint disease (OR, 1.80; p=.050), glucose intolerance (OR, 2.20; p=.045), psychoactive drugs (OR, 8.36; p<.001), diuretics (OR, 2.46; p=.034), and polypharmacy (OR, 2.84; p=.016). Conclusion: Psychosocial burden in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and pre-existing conditions seems to influence the sleep quality of older adults more than SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Normative data for highly educated older adults in phonemic and semantic fluency tests.

Verbal fluency tests are common instruments used in neuropsychological evaluation and screening for cognitive decline. Different studies have suggested normative data for these tests, but new studies that focus on different educational backgrounds are important due to the heterogeneity of the Brazilian population and the influence of educational level on verbal fluency tests. Objective: The present study aimed to provide normative data on verbal fluency tests for highly educated older adults in Brazil, as well as the influence of sex, age, and education on test performance. Methods: A total of 147 healthy volunteers (106 females and 41 males) with a mean age of 66.87 years (SD=4.52) and a minimum of 12 years of education were selected from the community and asked to perform three tests of phonemic verbal fluency (letters F, A, and S) and two tests of semantic verbal fluency (animals and fruits). Volunteers were categorized by educational level into two categories: "High School" (12 years of formal education) and "Higher Education" (over 12 years of formal education). Results: Normative data are presented in mean values and percentiles for all tests. The performance in animals, fruits, A, and S were associated with educational background. The performance in S was associated with sex. Conclusions: This study provides normative data appropriate for highly educated, healthy older adults in commonly used tests that evaluate executive functioning. The results endorse previous study findings on the influence of educational level on verbal fluency tests.

Testes de fluência verbal são instrumentos comuns em avaliação neuropsicológica e rastreio de declínio cognitivo. Diferentes pesquisas sugeriram dados normativos para esses testes, mas novos estudos com foco em diferentes níveis de escolaridade são importantes diante da heterogeneidade da população brasileira e da influência da escolaridade em testes de fluência verbal. Objetivo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo fornecer dados normativos em testes de fluência verbal para idosos brasileiros com alta escolaridade, bem como sobre a influência de gênero, idade e nível educacional nos resultados dos testes. Métodos: O total de 147 voluntários saudáveis (106 mulheres e 41 homens) com idade média de 66,87 anos (standard deviation ­ SD=4,52) e mínimo de 12 anos de escolaridade foi selecionado da comunidade, e solicitou-se que respondesse a três testes de fluência verbal fonêmica (F, A e S) e dois testes de fluência verbal semântica (animais e frutas). Os voluntários foram categorizados por nível educacional em duas categorias: "Ensino Médio" (12 anos de educação formal) e "Ensino Superior" (mais de 12 anos de educação formal). Resultados: Dados normativos são apresentados em médias e percentis para todos os testes. A performance em animais, frutas, A e S foi associada ao nível de escolaridade. A performance em S foi relacionada ao gênero. Conclusões: Este estudo fornece dados normativos apropriados para idosos com alta escolaridade em testes comumente utilizados na avaliação de funcionamento executivo. Os resultados obtidos corroboram achados de pesquisas anteriores que apontam para a influência da escolaridade em testes de fluência verbal.

Normative data for highly educated older adults in phonemic and semantic fluency tests / Dados normativos para idosos com alta escolaridade em testes de fluência semântica e fonêmica

ABSTRACT. Verbal fluency tests are common instruments used in neuropsychological evaluation and screening for cognitive decline. Different studies have suggested normative data for these tests, but new studies that focus on different educational backgrounds are important due to the heterogeneity of the Brazilian population and the influence of educational level on verbal fluency tests. Objective: The present study aimed to provide normative data on verbal fluency tests for highly educated older adults in Brazil, as well as the influence of sex, age, and education on test performance. Methods: A total of 147 healthy volunteers (106 females and 41 males) with a mean age of 66.87 years (SD=4.52) and a minimum of 12 years of education were selected from the community and asked to perform three tests of phonemic verbal fluency (letters F, A, and S) and two tests of semantic verbal fluency (animals and fruits). Volunteers were categorized by educational level into two categories: "High School" (12 years of formal education) and "Higher Education" (over 12 years of formal education). Results: Normative data are presented in mean values and percentiles for all tests. The performance in animals, fruits, A, and S were associated with educational background. The performance in S was associated with sex. Conclusions: This study provides normative data appropriate for highly educated, healthy older adults in commonly used tests that evaluate executive functioning. The results endorse previous study findings on the influence of educational level on verbal fluency tests.

RESUMO. Testes de fluência verbal são instrumentos comuns em avaliação neuropsicológica e rastreio de declínio cognitivo. Diferentes pesquisas sugeriram dados normativos para esses testes, mas novos estudos com foco em diferentes níveis de escolaridade são importantes diante da heterogeneidade da população brasileira e da influência da escolaridade em testes de fluência verbal. Objetivo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo fornecer dados normativos em testes de fluência verbal para idosos brasileiros com alta escolaridade, bem como sobre a influência de gênero, idade e nível educacional nos resultados dos testes. Métodos: O total de 147 voluntários saudáveis (106 mulheres e 41 homens) com idade média de 66,87 anos (standard deviation — SD=4,52) e mínimo de 12 anos de escolaridade foi selecionado da comunidade, e solicitou-se que respondesse a três testes de fluência verbal fonêmica (F, A e S) e dois testes de fluência verbal semântica (animais e frutas). Os voluntários foram categorizados por nível educacional em duas categorias: "Ensino Médio" (12 anos de educação formal) e "Ensino Superior" (mais de 12 anos de educação formal). Resultados: Dados normativos são apresentados em médias e percentis para todos os testes. A performance em animais, frutas, A e S foi associada ao nível de escolaridade. A performance em S foi relacionada ao gênero. Conclusões: Este estudo fornece dados normativos apropriados para idosos com alta escolaridade em testes comumente utilizados na avaliação de funcionamento executivo. Os resultados obtidos corroboram achados de pesquisas anteriores que apontam para a influência da escolaridade em testes de fluência verbal.

Impairment of executive functions due to sleep alterations: An integrative review on the use of P300.

Objective: Cognitive impairment due to sleep deprivation (SD) is an important global health concern as part of the growing rates of sleep disorders and sleep deprivation worldwide. Amongst the affected cognitive processes, the effects of SD on the executive functions (EFs) show diverse methods and inconclusive or contradictory results, highlighting the importance of further research in this field. Considering this scenario, we evaluate one of the most used methods for objectively evaluating EFs on SD: the event-related potential (ERP) P300. Methods: Our study provides a comprehensive review on the use of P300 for evaluating executive functions in sleep alterations on subjects of all ages, as well as an analysis on the efficiency of P300 as an assessment method for executive functions compared to traditional neurocognitive batteries. We review the benefits of P300 application for multiple sleep/wake alterations, whether evoked in laboratory or as part of pre-existing sleep disorders. Results: We assess the diverse protocols used to elicit and complement P300, the most identified alterations in amplitude and latency, and suggest new lines of study that could benefit from P300 within the field. Conclusion: We conclude that P300 is a valuable asset for evaluating executive dysfunction under sleep deprivation both as a standalone protocol and in conjunction with subjective methods, with consistently significant results in assessing executive dysfunction in a diversity of subjects and etiologies.

Morbidities Worsening Index to Sleep in the Older Adults During COVID-19: Potential Moderators.

Older adults were considered a vulnerable group for the COVID-19 infection and its consequences, including problems with sleep. Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of sleep disorders in older adults, to describe their sleep patterns, as well as to analyse if there were any changes in comparison with the period pre-pandemic. Materials and Methods: Online survey used for data collection received answers from 914 elderly age range 65-90 years, from April to August 2020. Results: 71% of the sample reported a pre-existent sleep disorder, and some of them worsened during the pandemic, especially Insomnia in women and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in men. No difference in sleep duration before and during the pandemic was found, although there was a worsening of some aspects related to sleep, such as sleep quality, sleep efficiency, awakening quality, sleep latency and nocturnal awakenings, especially in the female gender. Educational level influenced sleep latency, indicating higher sleep latency among those with primary education when compared with the ones with Ph.D. Conclusion: The pandemic had influenced sleep patterns among the elderly, as well as worsening of pre-existent sleep disorders. Female gender and low educational level were considered risk factors for sleep alterations, and high educational level, on its turn, appeared to be a protective factor.

Sleep Habits, Quality of Life and Psychosocial Aspects in the Older Age: Before and During COVID-19.

Aim: This study aimed to describe sleep habits, quality of life and psychosocial aspects in older people and analyze associated differences considering the time before COVID-19 pandemic and during its first wave in Portugal. Methods: Online survey used for data collection received answers from 914 elderly (age range 65 - 90y), from April to August 2020. Results: Symptoms of self-perception of depression, anxiety, irritability and economic problems were not prominent in the elderly, except for worries concerning uncertainty about the future. There was no difference in sleep duration before and during the pandemic, although there was a worsening of some aspects related to sleep, such as sleep quality, sleep efficiency, awakening quality, sleep latency and nocturnal awakenings. Gender comparisons showed a higher vulnerability in women. Some morbidities got worse during the pandemic among the elderly, such as Insomnia, Headaches, Depression, Tinnitus, among others. Conclusion: Even though our data suggest that the pandemic did not have a great impact on quality of life, sleep quality and psychosocial aspects in the elderly, they were still affected by the worsening of their health conditions, including sleep and morbidities. Some behaviors may act as protective factors in this population, such as walking and keeping contact with others, as well as other aspects like financial stability, high level of education and family support, as they can help them to cope better with difficulties.

Narcolepsia na infância: a atuação multidisciplinar com a psicologia do sono do diagnóstico ao tratamento em um relato de caso / Child narcolepsy: the multidisciplinary approach with sleep psychology from diagnostics to treatment in a case report / Narcolepsia en la infancia: actuación multidisciplinar con la psicología del sueño desde el diagnóstico hasta el tratamiento en un caso clínico

A narcolepsia, distúrbio neurológico crônico caracterizado pela sonolência diurna excessiva, pode ser associada à cataplexia, fragmentação do sono, alucinações relacionadas ao sono e paralisia do sono. Frequentemente, é confundida com outros transtornos, como Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade (TDAH), epilepsia e até esquizofrenia, assim, por vezes, é diagnosticada inadequadamente. Objetiva-se relatar o diagnóstico diferencial bem-sucedido da narcolepsia na infância e suas dificuldades, realizado por uma equipe multidisciplinar, enfocando a atuação da psicologia do sono em avaliação e intervenção. Um menino de 10 anos foi recebido no Ambulatório de Narcolepsia e Apneia do Sono Infantil (AMBNAP), alocado no Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) com queixas de sonolência diurna excessiva, sono fragmentado e episódios de perda de tônus muscular. Foi submetido a entrevistas psiquiátrica e psicológica pormenorizadas, a exames, aplicação de escalas específicas para rastreio e diagnóstico de transtornos de sono e diário de sono, solicitação de recursos de mídia e de relatório escolar e avaliação neurológica. A partir da investigação multidisciplinar, o diagnóstico foi de Narcolepsia e Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS). O paciente foi submetido a técnicas da Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental (TCC) e segue em acompanhamento, apresentando resultados satisfatórios. Este estudo evidencia que uma equipe multidisciplinar especializada na área de sono atuando em conjunto com a Psicologia do Sono oportuniza o diagnóstico e intervenções precoces eficazes para o tratamento do distúrbio do sono na infância.(AU)

Narcolepsy is a chronic neurologic disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness which can be associated with cataplexy, sleep fragmentation, sleep-related hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. This sleep disorder is often confused with other disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), epilepsy, and even schizophrenia, and is, thus, misdiagnosed. This study aims to report the successful differential diagnosis for childhood narcolepsy carried out by a multidisciplinary team and its challenges, with a focus on the role of sleep psychology in assessment and intervention. A 10-year-old child was received at the Child Narcolepsy and Sleep Apnea Clinic (AMBNAP), located at the Onofre Lopes University Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), with complaints of hypersomnolence, fragmented sleep, and episodes of loss of muscle tone. He underwent detailed psychiatric and psychological interviews, analysis of exams, application of specific scales for screening and diagnosis of sleep disorders and sleep diary, request of media resources and school report, and neurological assessment. From the multidisciplinary investigation, excluding of other neurological diagnoses, the diagnosis was Narcolepsy and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS). The patient was submitted to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) techniques, such as psychoeducation, scheduled naps, cognitive therapy for dysfunctional beliefs, and sleep hygiene strategies, and continues to be followed up, with satisfactory results since the first two months of intervention. The findings presented in this study show that a multidisciplinary team specialized in the sleep area, acting alongside Sleep Psychology provides early diagnosis and interventions for the sleep disorder treatment in childhood.(AU)

La narcolepsia es un trastorno neurológico crónico caracterizado por somnolencia diurna excesiva que puede asociarse con cataplejía, fragmentación del sueño, alucinaciones relacionadas con el sueño y parálisis del sueño. El trastorno del sueño a menudo se confunde con otros trastornos como el TDAH, la epilepsia e incluso la esquizofrenia, y se diagnostica erróneamente. El objetivo es presentar el diagnóstico diferencial exitoso de la narcolepsia en la infancia y sus dificultades, realizado por un equipo multidisciplinario, con foco en el papel de la psicología del sueño en la evaluación e intervención. El estudiante de 10 años fue recibido en la Clínica de Narcolepsia Infantil y Apnea del Sueño (AMBNAP), ubicada en el Hospital Universitario Onofre Lopes de la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Norte, con quejas de hipersomnolencia, sueño fragmentado y episodios de pérdida de tono muscular. Se sometió a entrevistas psiquiátricas y psicológicas detalladas, análisis de exámenes, aplicación de escalas específicas para la detección y diagnóstico de trastornos del sueño y el diario del sueño, solicite recursos de medios y informe escolar y evaluación neurológica. La investigación multidisciplinaria, el diagnóstico fue Narcolepsia y SAOS. El paciente fue sometido a técnicas de terapia cognitivo-conductual (TCC), como psicoeducación, siestas programadas, terapia cognitiva por creencias disfuncionales y estrategias de higiene del sueño, y se le dio seguimiento con resultados satisfactorios. Los resultados demostraron que un equipo multidisciplinario especializado en el campo del sueño, actuando en conjunto con la psicología del sueño, proporciona el diagnóstico y las intervenciones tempranas para el trastorno del sueño de la narcolepsia en la infância.(AU)

Case Report in the Brazilian Context: Cognitive and Behavioral Changes Following an Electric Injury.

Electrical injury (EI) is the sequel of an electrical shock. Physical sequelae are most common, but also other symptoms can happen, such as neurological symptoms, psychiatric alteration, and cognitive decline. The repercussion of EI can happen whether or not the head is a point of contact with the electrical current. There are no official diagnostic criteria for cognitive repercussions of EI, which may lead to incorrect diagnostics and confusion with other most frequent causes of dementia, such as frontotemporal dementia, pseudodementia, or dementias for reversible causes. In this case report, we described a right-handed man, aged 56 years old, referred to our service due to behavioral changes and cognitive alterations related to electric shock. The psychiatric team has monitored him, but cognitive deficits have raised doubts about the presence of dementia syndrome. The neuropsychological evaluation revealed severe deficits and loss of functionality, which filled the criteria for major neurocognitive disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-5). Adding these findings to the patient's history and after a detailed investigation of other causes of dementia, we concluded that this is a possible case of EI with strong neuropsychological symptoms. This case report should help clinicians to recognize this condition and its features. We aimed to share the importance of recognizing the neuropsychological and psychiatric features of EI, mainly in the Brazilian context.

Comparative Analysis of Psychology Responding to COVID-19 Pandemic in Brics Nations.

The BRICS Forum, an independent international organization encouraging commercial, political, and cultural cooperation between Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, was formed in 2011, and these countries have a significant influence on their regional affairs. These nations were hit by COVID-19 at different times, and all adopted home quarantine to reduce the spread of the virus. We present a comparative analysis of actions of psychology and potential outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in BRICS nations regarding five aspects: psychology in health policies, social roles of psychology, socioeconomic context, actions for the general population, and health professionals during stage 1 of the pandemic, and possible actions in stage 2. Various types of actions were taken by psychologists in BRICS, with different levels of coordinated cooperation with respective governmental and non-governmental organizations, multiple and parallel efforts from different scientific societies, and professional regulatory agencies. Scientific societies have had an important role in coordinating some of these efforts, especially because they congregate the psychologists from different parts of these countries, improving communication and access to key information. The aim of these actions varies from improving situational skills and competences to increase the accessibility of psychological services and provide psychoeducation and telepsychology. We will consider the social importance of these actions within these countries as a global opportunity for psychology to stage in a complex context involving human health. The way psychology in BRICS will face this challenging situation is likely to produce important regional influence, stimulate scientific contribution, and increase the accessibility of psychology.

Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Emotional Regulation and the Immune System of Healthcare Workers as a Risk Factor for COVID 19: Practical Recommendations From a Task Force of the Latin American Association of Sleep Psychology.

Healthcare workers who are on the front line of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and are also undergoing shift schedules face long work hours with few pauses, experience desynchronization of their circadian rhythm, and an imbalance between work hours effort and reward in saving lives, resulting in an impact on work capacity, aggravated by the lack of personal protective equipment (PPE), few resources and precarious infrastructure, and fear of contracting the virus and contaminating family members. Some consequences are sleep deprivation, chronic insomnia, stress-related sleep disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder. These sleep alterations critically affect mental health, precipitating or perpetuating anxiety, stress, and depression, resulting in the inability to regulate positive and negative emotions. Pre-existing sleep disorders are an important risk factor for the development and maintenance of PSTD when individuals are exposed to an important stressor such as a COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, how an individual regulates the emotion associated with worries during daytime functioning impacts nighttime sleep, precipitating and perpetuating difficulties in sleeping. All of these changes in sleep and emotional regulation also alter the immune system. Sleep deprivation is commonly associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, due to the desynchronizations in circadian rhythms, causing possible psychophysiological disorders and impaired neuroimmune-endocrine homeostasis. From this perspective, we clarify in this article how sleep disorders affect the immune system and emotional regulation, explaining their phenomenological and neurobiological mechanisms, and discussing elements of cognitive and behavioral coping for health professionals to adopt and manage a healthier sleep pattern in the COVID-19 outbreak.

Effectiveness of a brief behavioral intervention for insomnia (BBII) during the COVID-19 pandemic: Mexican case report.

This report describes a case of a 42-year-old man. Due to overwork, initially has developed insufficient sleep syndrome; and later insomnia that temporarily coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic. A brief behavioral intervention for insomnia (BBII) was implemented that included: sleep restriction therapy (SRT), stimulus control therapy (SCT), sleep hygiene, and progressive muscle relaxation (PMR). The intervention was designed as five weekly sessions; nevertheless, it should be mentioned that starting with the third consultation, telepsychology was started due to the recommendations for social isolation implemented by the COVID-19 pandemic. At the end of treatment, the patient increased time and subjective sleep quality. Despite the social distancing measures (which started in the middle of the treatment), the patient had recovery of the sleep quality, highlighting the importance of implementing the telepsychology during the COVID-19 quarantine.

Cerebral toxoplasmosis and alcohol abuse in AIDS: dementia with multiple etiologies.

Major neurocognitive disorder due to multiple etiologies, or dementia due to multiple etiologies (DME), is a term coined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to refer to complex cases when multiple pathologies, such as Alzheimer's disease, Lewy Bodies, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), vascular-related brain damage or frontotemporal lobar degeneration, are identified as contributing to neurocognitive impairment and/or behavioral alterations, based on patient's neuroimaging tests, laboratorial exams, associated symptomatology and medical history. In this study, we report the case of a 63-year-old male patient who presented with parkinsonism symptoms, aphasia and cognitive impairment on multiple domains after cerebral toxoplasmosis related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, vascular damage and a history of alcohol abuse. We discuss the neurocognitive and neurobehavioral variables that characterized this diagnosis, as well as the importance of the differential diagnosis of DME on the field of neuropsychology of aging and, especially, for individuals living with HIV infection.

Transtorno neurocognitivo maior devido a múltiplas etiologias, ou demência por múltiplas etiologias (DME), é um termo estabelecido pelo Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais para se referir a casos complexos em que múltiplas patologias, como a Doença de Alzheimer, Corpos de Lewy, o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), danos de origem vascular ou a degeneração lobar frontotemporal, são identificados como contribuintes para o comprometimento neurocognitivo e/ou para alterações comportamentais, com base em testes de neuroimagem do paciente, exames laboratoriais, sintomatologia associada e histórico médico. Neste artigo, relatamos o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino de 63 anos que apresentou sintomas de parkinsonismo, afasia e comprometimento cognitivo em múltiplos domínios após neurotoxoplasmose relacionada à síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida, dano vascular e histórico de abuso de álcool. Foram discutidas as variáveis neurocognitivas e neurocomportamentais que caracterizaram esse diagnóstico, assim como a importância do diagnóstico diferencial de DME para a neuropsicologia do envelhecimento e, especialmente, para indivíduos portadores do HIV.

Cerebral toxoplasmosis and alcohol abuse in AIDS: dementia with multiple etiologies / Neurotoxoplasmose e abuso de álcool em aids: demência com múltiplas etiologias

ABSTRACT Major neurocognitive disorder due to multiple etiologies, or dementia due to multiple etiologies (DME), is a term coined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to refer to complex cases when multiple pathologies, such as Alzheimer's disease, Lewy Bodies, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), vascular-related brain damage or frontotemporal lobar degeneration, are identified as contributing to neurocognitive impairment and/or behavioral alterations, based on patient's neuroimaging tests, laboratorial exams, associated symptomatology and medical history. In this study, we report the case of a 63-year-old male patient who presented with parkinsonism symptoms, aphasia and cognitive impairment on multiple domains after cerebral toxoplasmosis related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, vascular damage and a history of alcohol abuse. We discuss the neurocognitive and neurobehavioral variables that characterized this diagnosis, as well as the importance of the differential diagnosis of DME on the field of neuropsychology of aging and, especially, for individuals living with HIV infection.

RESUMO Transtorno neurocognitivo maior devido a múltiplas etiologias, ou demência por múltiplas etiologias (DME), é um termo estabelecido pelo Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais para se referir a casos complexos em que múltiplas patologias, como a Doença de Alzheimer, Corpos de Lewy, o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), danos de origem vascular ou a degeneração lobar frontotemporal, são identificados como contribuintes para o comprometimento neurocognitivo e/ou para alterações comportamentais, com base em testes de neuroimagem do paciente, exames laboratoriais, sintomatologia associada e histórico médico. Neste artigo, relatamos o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino de 63 anos que apresentou sintomas de parkinsonismo, afasia e comprometimento cognitivo em múltiplos domínios após neurotoxoplasmose relacionada à síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida, dano vascular e histórico de abuso de álcool. Foram discutidas as variáveis neurocognitivas e neurocomportamentais que caracterizaram esse diagnóstico, assim como a importância do diagnóstico diferencial de DME para a neuropsicologia do envelhecimento e, especialmente, para indivíduos portadores do HIV.

The Influence of Telemedicine Care on the Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms in Dementia (BPSD) Risk Factors Induced or Exacerbated During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The number of people with dementia worldwide is expected to increase to approximately 1.3 billion in 2050. Almost 90% of patients diagnosed with dementia suffer from behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). BPSD causes and risk factors are multiple and complex and can be responsible for hospitalizations in long-term institutions, psychiatric hospitalizations and search for health services. Recently, the world imposition of social distance and self-isolation as the best preventive measures for the COVID-19 pandemic has created challenges in the health care and management of this population, which may trigger or aggravate BPSD, and most caregivers are not prepared to address it. In face of this actual social distancing, telemedicine comes to be a tool for improving the management of these acute symptoms and mental care. In this article, we discuss and disseminate recommendations on this important alternative of assistance, especially considering the cases of BPSD. In this context of a pandemic, even patients with BPSD and caregivers require more frequent and updated guidance, considering the difficult context to social distance. Telemedicine can reduce the risk for the development of negative outcomes in mental health precipitated by the reduction of social contact and less access to health services, improving dementia symptom management, mainly BPSD.

Facial Emotion Recognition and Executive Functions in Insomnia Disorder: An Exploratory Study.

BACKGROUND: Clinical and experimental findings suggest that insomnia is associated with changes in emotional processing and impairments in cognitive functioning. In the present study, we investigate the relationship between facial emotion recognition and executive functioning among individuals with insomnia as well as healthy controls. METHOD: A total of 11 individuals (mean age 31.3 ± 9.4) diagnosed with insomnia disorder and 15 control participants (mean age 24.8 ± 4.6) took part in the study. Participants responded to a facial emotion recognition task which presented them with static and dynamic stimuli, and were evaluated with regard to cognition, sleep, and mood. RESULTS: Compared to controls, we found that participants with insomnia performed worse in the recognition of the facial emotion of fear (p = 0.001; η p 2 = 0.549; ß = 0.999) and had lower scores in tests of verbal comprehension and perceptual organization (104.00 vs. 115.00, U = 135.5; p = 0.004; Cohen's, 2013 d = 1.281). We also found a relationship between facial emotion recognition and performance in cognitive tests, such as those related to perceptual organization, cognitive flexibility, and working memory. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that participants with insomnia may present some impairment in executive functions as well as in the recognition of facial emotions with negative valences (fear and sadness).

My Dream, My Rules: Can Lucid Dreaming Treat Nightmares?

Nightmares are defined as repeated occurrences of extremely dysphoric and well-remembered dreams that usually involve subjective threats to survival, security, or physical integrity. Generally, they occur during rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) and lead to awakenings with distress and insufficient overnight sleep. Nightmares may occur spontaneously (idiopathic) or as recurrent nightmares. Recurrent nightmares cause significant distress and impairment in occupational and social functioning, as have been commonly observed in post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety. By contrast, during lucid dreaming (LD), subjects get insight they are dreaming and may even control the content of their dreams. These features may open a way to help those who suffer from nightmare disorder through re-significations of the dream scene, i.e., knowing that they are dreaming and having control over their dream content. Thus, lucid dreamers might be able to render nightmares normal dreams, thereby assuring a restoring sleep. The aim of the present study is to review the existing literature of the use of LD as an auxiliary tool for treatment of nightmares. We conducted a careful literature search for eligible studies on the use of LD treatment for nightmares. We observed that whereas LD may be a feasible aid in the treatment of patients with nightmares through minimizing their frequency, intensity and psychological distress, the available literature is still scarce and does not provide consistent results. We conclude therefore that more research is clearly warranted for a better estimation of the effective conductance and therapeutic outcome of LD treatment in clinical practice.

Games as education tools.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was evaluated effects of an intervention with the serious game "Perfect Bedroom: learn to sleep well" on the sleep habits of healthy children. METHODS: Two groups were composed, experimental (EG) (n=8) and control (CG) (n=5), with health children. This study presented four stages: pre-intervention, intervention, post-intervention and follow-up. Parents responded questionnaires about sociodemographic data and sleep habits measured by UNESP Sleep Habits and Hygiene Scale Child version (USHS). Children responded strategies developed by researchers: "Set up your bedroom" and "Mapping activities before bedtime". The intervention was performed with "Perfect Bedroom" twice a week and for three weeks in a row. Inferential analysis was accomplished for comparisons between groups (Mann-Whitney test) and intragroups (Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Friedman test for repeated measures). RESULTS: Preliminary results indicated non-significant differences on the sleep habits reported by parents. Children's responses indicated a reduction in the number of electronic objects in bedroom and actions with these devices to EG. DISCUSSION: As far as we know, this is the first study that used a serious game to promote healthy sleep habits in children. In addition, they are actively included in the change process. Preliminary findings contribute to indicate the potential of this approach as an effective tool to promote healthy sleep habits in children.

Study Protocol of Sleep Education Tool for Children: Serious Game "Perfect Bedroom: Learn to Sleep Well".

Promoting a healthy sleep is a big challenge and becomes a strategic priority in public health, due to the severe consequences on children's development and risk to psychiatric diseases. Interventions that promote healthy sleep, such as those that focus on the dissemination of behavioral and environmental recommendations of sleep hygiene with children, are presented as an alternative. Serious game design offers wide-reaching domains in health applications and is increasing in popularity, particularly with children and teens because of it's potential to engage and motivate players differently from other interventions. This study aims to evaluate effects of serious game on sleep hygiene recommendations "Perfect Bedroom: learn to sleep well," on sleep habits and sleep parameters of healthy children. This is an experimental, prospective and quantitative study. We will randomize children in experimental (n = 88) and no intervention groups (n = 88). The experiment has four stages (pre-intervention, intervention, post-intervention, and follow-up), which will count with participation of children and their parents/guardians. In the evaluation stages, the guardians will answer questionnaires and scales to assess sociodemographic and health data, sleep habits and sleep pattern of their child. The children themselves will answer the following: a scale to assess sleepiness levels, a questionnaire to evaluate the serious game and the game itself, will characterize their bedroom and the activities they perform before sleep, with strategies developed by researches. Intervention with experimental group conducted with the serious game "Perfect Bedroom" will happen twice a week, for 3 weeks in a row, resulting in six sessions of 50 min each. Inferential analysis will be conducted for comparisons between groups and intragroups to measure effect of intervention in primary outcomes (sleep habits) and secondary outcomes (sleep parameters). We expect that the intervention with this game can provide valuable evidence to a new approach in promoting healthy sleep habits, with applications in clinical, educational, and familiar settings, which could diminish future health issues and risk at psychiatric diseases, decreasing the social burden of treatments for these conditions in children.

Sleep pattern and decision-making in physicians from mobile emergency care service with 12-h work schedules.

INTRODUCTION: Shift work schedules are biological standpoint worse because compel the body to anticipate periods of wakefulness and sleep and thus eventually cause a disruption of biological rhythms. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the sleep pattern and decision-making in physicians working in mobile units of emergency attention undergoing day shift and rotating shift. METHODS: The study included 26 physicians. The instruments utilized were a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Sleep Habits Questionnaire, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Chronotype Identification Questionnaire of Horne-Ostberg, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and hypothetical scenarios of decision-making created according to the Policy-Capturing Technique. For inclusion and exclusion criteria, the participants answered the Chalder Fatigue Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory and the Inventory of Stress Symptoms for adults of Lipp. RESULTS: It was found good sleep quality for physicians on day shift schedule and bad sleep quality for physicians on rotating shift schedule. The IGT measure showed no impairment in decision-making, but the hypothetical scenarios revealed impairment decision-making during the shift for both schedules. Good sleep quality was related to a better performance in decision-making. CONCLUSION: Good sleep quality seems to influence a better performance in decision-making.